Kawasaki Disease: Understanding Symptoms and Causes

Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children under the age of five. Named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, who first described it in Japan in 1967, this disease causes inflammation in the walls of medium-sized arteries throughout the body, including the coronary arteries. Understanding Kawasaki Disease is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment, which can prevent serious complications such as heart damage. In this blog, we will explore the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for Kawasaki Disease, with insights from Fortis Hospital Gurgaon.

Overview of Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki Disease is an acute febrile illness characterized by inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis). It predominantly affects children under five, although it can occur in older children and, rarely, in adults. The disease progresses through three phases: acute, subacute, and convalescent. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications, especially those involving the heart.

What are the Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?

The symptoms of Kawasaki Disease can be quite distinct but may be easily confused with other childhood illnesses. The primary symptoms include:

• Fever: A high fever lasting more than five days, unresponsive to typical antipyretics.

• Rash: A widespread rash, often more pronounced in the groin area.

• Swollen Hands and Feet: Redness and swelling of the hands and feet, sometimes accompanied by peeling skin around the fingers and toes.

• Red Eyes: Bloodshot eyes without discharge, a condition known as bilateral conjunctival injection.

• Strawberry Tongue: A red, swollen tongue with a characteristic bumpy appearance.

• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, typically more significant than 1.5 cm.

Other Less Common Symptoms Comprise:

While the above symptoms are more commonly observed, there are other less frequent symptoms that parents and caregivers should be aware of:

• Joint Pain: Swelling and pain in the joints, particularly in the knees, hips, and ankles.

• Irritability: Extreme irritability or mood changes.

• Diarrhea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting.

• Abdominal Pain: Pain or discomfort in the abdomen.

• Cough and Runny Nose: Respiratory symptoms, though less common, can also be present.

What Are The Causes Of Kawasaki Disease?

The exact cause of Kawasaki Disease remains unknown, although it is believed to result from an abnormal immune response to an infection in genetically predisposed individuals. Researchers suspect that various environmental factors, such as bacterial or viral infections, may trigger the disease. Genetic factors also seem to play a role, as Kawasaki Disease is more common in children of Asian descent. Despite ongoing research, no specific pathogen has been identified as the definitive cause.

How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?

Early and aggressive treatment is crucial to prevent complications of Kawasaki Disease, particularly those affecting the coronary arteries. Treatment typically involves:

• Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): High doses of IVIG are administered to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of coronary artery aneurysms. This treatment is most effective when given within the first 10 days of the illness.

• Aspirin: High-dose aspirin is used initially to reduce fever and inflammation, followed by a lower dose to prevent blood clots. Long-term aspirin therapy may be required if coronary artery abnormalities are present.

• Corticosteroids: In cases where IVIG is ineffective, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.

• Anticoagulants: For children with significant coronary artery involvement, anticoagulants may be prescribed to prevent clot formation.

In some cases, additional treatments such as plasma exchange or biological therapy may be considered. Regular follow-up with a pediatric cardiologist is essential for children diagnosed with Kawasaki Disease to monitor heart health and manage any long-term complications.