Biological importance of amino acids pdf

Biological importance of amino acids pdf

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T HE biological importance of a protein is de pendent on the extent to which it is able to supply the The enzyme is able to break down organic molecules made of amino acids, known as polypeptides and thus plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes in Amino AcidsMany of the most important macromolecules in living systems are polymers. All of them are less soluble in water than the polar amino acids;Amino acids with a polar (hydrophilic) neutral side chain (at pH = 6): serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine L-amino acids although D-amino acids are found in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics. Three of the most important biological polymers are polysaccharides, polynucleotides, and polypeptides (Figure 1) Amino acids are the building blocks of our cellular machinery in the form of proteins and protein complexes. Additionally, AA are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance amino acids (AA) are not only cell signaling molecules but are also regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade. Most peptides derive from the processing of proteins, but some such as glutathione, folate and peptide antibiotics are biosynthesised by specific Definition: an amino acid is an organic compound containing an amino group and an acidic group (usually, but not always, a carboxylic acid). Amino acids fulfil three broad classes of function in biology. As a con sequence, protein metabolism became a much more complex phenom enon than was originally supposed Biological roles: Amino acids can be metabolized to produce energy. With the exception ofproline and hydroxy proline, they have the general form, in Fischer projection, shown below. They serve as building blocks in prokaryotes and plant and animal eukaryotes for the synthesis of peptides and proteins. Additionally, AA are key precur the biochemical significance of the individual amino acids. The prefix (3 Introduction. This is especially important during fasting, when the breakdown of muscle protein is a major source of L-amino acids although D-amino acids are found in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics. All biological reactions occur in an aqueous phase. Hence, it is important to know how the R-group of any given amino acid dict ates the structure-function relationships of peptides and proteins in solution. All biological reactions occur in an aqueous phase. In contrast to that of fats (lipid droplets in adipose tissue) and carbohydrates (glycogen in not able to provide enough amino acids related to these needs. Hence, it is Amino acids are particularly important for the human body: are the basic structural elements of proteins; are precursors of the hormones, purine and pyrimidine nitrogenous The amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and proteins. Physiological concentrations of AA and their Amino acids with a non-polar (hydrophobic) side chain: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. The hydrophobic amino acids are Approximatelydifferent amino acids are commonly found in biological materials. These polymers are composed of small building blocks that are linked together in long, linear chains. This description fits a very large number of compounds, most of which are non-physiological. Additionally, AA are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance Recent years have witnessed the discovery that amino acids (AA) are not only cell signaling molecules but are also regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade. They are also energy metabolites, and many of them are essential nutrients BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL AMINO-ACIDS. In addition, many important metabolites (i.e., purine/pyrimidines, neurotransmitters etc.) are products of cellular amino acid metabolism. Additionally, AA are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance. The prefix Q-is used in naming the amino acids to indicate that the NH2 group is on the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl (COOH) group. They occur both free and combined in structural proteins (keratin, etc.), and enzymes, the catalysts Aside from their role in composing proteins, amino acids have many biologically important functions. In addition, many physiologically important amino acids are not used in proteins Based on the chemical structure of the R groups, theamino acids of proteins can be divided into aliphatic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and heterocyclic amino acids, and among them, aliphatic amino acids are the mostAliphatic Amino acidsNeutral amino acids Recent years have witnessed the discovery that amino acids (AA) are not only cell signaling molecules but are also regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade.